VSWR，Rashin dawowa,Rashin sakawa,Ware,Haɗi,Jagoranci, Saurin Saurin Maimaitawar Ma'aurata, dabarar lissafi

Ga mahaɗin hanya, waɗannan sigogi suna kwatanta yadda yake nuna ƙarfin da ke gudana a hanya ɗaya yayin da yake ƙin ɗayan. Ga dabarun lissafi na yau da kullun: